Terror is AIDS discovered over the past 25 years, people have been trying to find a virus resistant to disease -- - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) effective vaccine , in order to prevent infection and the spread of AIDS. However, numerous human and material inputs, the scientists still did not get the desired results. A few days ago, the California Institute of Technology Research in the "National Academy of Sciences" (PNAS) wrote that the vaccine the slow pace of research might be a variety of reasons, but at least in part be attributed to the fact that we are in the natural human antibodies of the HIV virus itself is not big enough, it is difficult to effectively and viruses.

the body Y-shaped antibodies and the virus is the best antibodies, when they open the Y-arms, and almost at the same time to seize the target protein when the virus can block the virus to enter the play cells and role in the prevention of infection. The face of HIV virus, the antibody can block the infection will be highlighted in the HIV surface protein as the capture target proteins from the virus membrane as the spines grow. If the virus surface is the distance between the two spines and outreach arm of the antibody (or antibody with open arms distance) is, then an antibody can be at the same time we can only grasp (or lock) the two spines.

article the first author of the California Institute of Technology biochemistry and molecular biophysics graduate student Joshua Klein said that the antibodies target the virus at the same time after the arms, which makes the interaction as well as the ability to raise thousands of times times, which sometimes means that the interaction between antibody and viruses in the ability to raise strong. In his view, the antibody has two arms is to ensure that the natural way to lock the virus. However, this way of locking arms easier said than done, at least this is the case for the HIV virus.

biology professor at the California Institute of Technology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute researchers Pamela Bjorkman and Klein introduced in the paper they are two different monoclonal antibodies and HIV the ability of the virus to complete the study. Two monoclonal antibodies are derived from HIV-infected persons, they are the b12 antibody and antibody 4E10. The former can lock the upper part of the composition of the HIV protein gp120 protein spines, which can lock the lower part or stem spines of gp41 protein.

researchers in accordance with the two monoclonal antibodies to carry out their part of the decomposition, and both the virus and the ability to lock and to compare. They found, as expected, the single antibody b12 and the HIV virus than with the arms of the effectiveness of the antibody b12. However, the 4E10 antibody, 4E10 antibody arms than the version in the arm and ability, there is not much advantage.

In addition, they also found that large size of the 4E10 antibody and the virus is lower than the efficiency of the small size of the 4E10 antibody. These results highlight the people similar to the design of vaccine-induced antibody 4E10 will face when the potential obstacles.

for b12 antibody, which also has its own issues to overcome. In fact, when more in-depth analysis of the data they receive, the researchers found that influenza viruses with and compared to other antibodies, even with the arms of the b12 antibody, which is much smaller arms. In other words, is the natural human antibodies against HIV virus and HIV virus in the performance than the actual due to the small number of.

investigated the reason, Klein explained that the distribution of a single influenza virus surface about 450 spines, and with a considerable size, the surface of the HIV virus spines less than 15 months. HIV virus, the number of surface spines and less the reality of a greater distance, resulting from the emergence of the virus coincides with spines or 4E10 antibody b12 outreach arm (12 nanometer to 15 nm) the situation very difficult.

think Klein, HIV virus may evolve to escape the body's immune system to ward off an important means of infection. According to available data, it seems that the HIV virus, antibodies play a role in bypassing the key - the second price effect. Bjorkman said that the new research to help people get a clear understanding of the antibody to prevent infection when facing obstacles, but is expected to explain why people in the development of an effective HIV vaccine so elusive at the reasons.

Nobel Prize winners, David Baltimore, professor of biology believe that Klein published their paper is a very important, because the article changed the way people in understanding why the effects of HIV antibody in this differential focus on the issue. It will bring attention to the already known but also has been a long time ignored the antibodies attack the arms. Thesis that anti-HIV virus has been limited use of one arm, locking poor. He said the new findings deal with the challenges posed by it is very difficult, because research has shown that almost all natural anti-HIV virus in the effectiveness of the inherent limitations.